Animal Farm and Lord of the Flies Essay

In 1887 Lord Acton wrote in a letter to Bishop Mandell Creighton, â€Å"Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.† It has often been noted that this is the primary theme in both Animal Farm and Lord of the Flies. In addition, these books share two sub-themes related to this primary theme. One sub-theme is that people will often abuse power when it’s not earned. The other is that when given the opportunity people will often degrade others to ensure their own security. Both books rely heavily on symbolism, as well as the actions of their characters, to express these ideas. Consequently, both these novels show us what a frightening place the world can become if people ignore the principles of civilization as we know it. In both books, for different reasons, the characters create their own governments, and some of them soon begin to usurp and abuse power. For example, in Animal Farm seven commandments were written on the wall, a few of them were: â€Å"No animal shall sleep in a bed, No animal shall kill another animal, No animal shall drink alcohol.† When one of the pigs, named Napoleon, took over he gradually changed the commandments. For instance, he changed the commandment â€Å"No animal shall kill another animal.† to, â€Å"No animal shall kill another animal without cause.† In Lord of the Flies there are several examples of characters abusing power. One of the characters, named Ralph, had originally started a democratic form of government. Two of the boys, Roger and Jack, eventually started there own form of government and took over. Jack fell in love with his new found power and became dictator to the boys. He even started a hunt to kill Ralph simply because he felt Ralph was a threat to this power. Because several of the characters in both books were insecure, they would often degrade others to improve their own security. This occurred in Animal Farm several times. For instance, there were two characters who always seemed to disagree (Snowball and Napoleon). Whatever one said the other would put it down or find something wrong with it, even if he actually agreed. Napoleon even urinated on Snowball’s plans for a windmill and ruined  them. In Lord of the Flies there are several examples of insecure characters downing others to improve their own security. For example, Roger, Jack, and even Ralph make fun of one of the other boys they call â€Å"Piggy† because he is overweight. Roger is so insecure he even kills Piggy because Piggy makes him feel threatened by contradicting his ideas and putting forth his own ideas that were sometimes better than Rogers. These books are both amazingly written and similar in several ways, but there is one major difference. The two books end with completely different views of civilization. Animal Farm ends with the animals not being able to tell the humans and the pigs apart, showing that evil had won. However, in Lord of the Flies, Ralph realizes when he sees the pig’s head (which is used to represent evil) in its pristine state, that even in all this savagery and evil some good may occur. Right after he realized this, a ship pulled up and rescued the boys. The themes of both books are true to the dark side of human nature. Golding holds out a tiny thread of hope; Orwell lets us see the bad things that could happen and leaves us to figure out how to prevent them.

Quote: Virtue and William Shakespeare Essay

â€Å"Virtue is choked with foul ambition†¦ † What does it mean? What was the famous William Shakespeare trying to accomplish with this quote? What was in his mind at this time? How can this quote help us? Who was this quote addressed to? Who can explain more about this quote? During this essay I will try to answer these questions, I want to know more about this. â€Å"Virtue is choked with foul ambition†¦ † But what is a virtue? A virtue is moral excellence, goodness, and righteousness. Another meaning for virtue is a particular moral excellence, example natural virtue, theological virtue, and cardinal virtues. How can we tell if people have good virtues? The person will be honest, respectful, courageous, forgiving, and kind to others. Choked. What does Shakespeare mean when he says â€Å"choked† in his quote? Choked, regarding a person or animal is effecting or completely stopping air from entering the body. But I don’t think that is what he meant when he used the word choke in this quote. I believe he was using this word â€Å"choked† as an expression meaning forbidding, not allowing, or stopping from. Now what is an ambition? Taken straight from an online dictionary, an ambition is a strong desire for success, achievement, or distinction; something so desired; goal; aim. Now that we know what a virtue and what ambition means we can sort of see what William Shakespeare is trying to say, it makes a little more sense to me now. â€Å"Virtue is choked with foul ambition† basically says we are our goals are foul, not correct. We all want to be good, but things go bad. It is easier to do bad thing instead of good things, so that effects good virtues. It is harder to become good, especially if you sin. When we sin our love with God hurts and it effects our good virtues. On top of that, it makes us come bad people, not children of Christ.

Business Ethics Case Study Information Technology Essay

Business Ethics Case Study Information Technology Essay   Many people believe that the World Wide Web can offer a great deal of anonymity and security from censorship but, they are dead wrong. Governments, the intelligence machinery, legal structures and any other relevant bodies can access information, censor, examine and even trace materials on the web because they have been granted the subpoena powers. These powers allow the aforementioned bodies to comb through computer servers in search of the identity of the person that created a specific file in question. People may see this as the infringement of their rights to privacy, however, threats posed by cyber criminals necessitate this ‘invasion of privacy’. In June 2000, a software program called Publius was created and launched. This program has the capacity to encrypt files into secret codes which are then, in effect, scattered all over the World Wide Web. This encrypting of published files by the software made the use of the subpoena powers granted to government and r elevant bodies almost irrelevant because anyone wanting to trace the origin of a particular file to be censored or, examine the contents of a specific file must have the help of the person that created the files, in order to decode the files’ encryption. Because of its ability to effectively ‘hide’ files on the internet, the software came as a relief to people who felt that their right to privacy was being infringed upon and they welcomed the software as they felt it could enhance their freedom of expression on the web. The software definitely promotes the anonymity of people using web resources but, one question that arises is why would anyone with so-called ‘good intentions’ want to remain anonymous? It is the criminals, terrorists, child pornographers and cyber stalkers who would like to remain anonymous and who, arguably, could benefit the most from this type of web encryption. The creators of the software aimed at helping people in repressive re gimes where freedom of expression was being curtailed but, the software is also being marketed in countries that do not have repressive elements. Is the marketing of this software really ethical? One may argue that the software benefits people whose privacy is being threatened but, looking at the other side of the coin, there are also losers in this debate. To determine whether it is ethical to market this software, it is important to look at the utilitarian ethical theory. What is utilitarianism? Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that holds that the moral worth of any action can only be determined by its usefulness or utility. This utility is judged by the ability of the action to provide happiness and pleasure to the majority. Simply put, the theories hold that the moral worth of an action is determinable by its outcome. Utilitarianism is also refereed to as the greatest happiness principle and it focuses on the ability of an action to provide the greatest good to the greatest n umber of people (Lyons, 1995). Thus, the guiding principle in utilitarianism is the maximization of the good whether it be measured by individuals, the society or the government. Utilitarianism provides a code that determines the worth of public actions and even personal actions. If an action is bound to create significant harm to a bigger percentage of the society, then utilitarianism holds that that action has no moral worth and therefore reductionist policies or intervention measures need to be put in place to mitigate or prevent that harm. If an action is bound to benefit a larger percentage of the society, then that action is said to be ethical and has moral worth from a utilitarian view point. An action may be moral and even in accordance with the law but if that action does not benefit the majority; it is unethical from a utilitarian point of view. On the other hand, an action may be immoral and even against the law but if it serves public good by benefiting the majority, the n that action is ethical (Lyons, 1995).

Hospitality Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hospitality Marketing - Case Study Example This case study examines Hilton hotels aim of expansion, quality and efficiency in customer service delivery and tackling the challenge of competition from other players in the hotel industry. Increasing profits and expansion is always the aim of any company and as such strategies are needed in accomplishing these goals. From the analysis of the case study it can be pointed out that Hilton hotel has laid plans to achieve these objectives. For instance, the Hotel has introduced Customer Mater strategy (CRM) and Hilton OnQ that is a comprehensive, integrated infrastructure (Kumar, 2010). The most important point that the case study highlights is the Hilton hotel incorporation of the two systems in improving their service delivery and expanding the customer base. With the dynamism of the hotel industry, Hilton stands out as it has a comparative advantage compared to other players. Despite the cost involved in its application, Customer Mater strategy (CRM) is a way to employ modern technology to give the company ability to solidify relationships with its best customers. Hilton focused in the hospitality industry is has been enhancing the value of the company’s portfolio and warranting consistency of delivery of every brand’s promise. These are critical issues that require deliberate strategies and Customer Mater strategy (CRM) has gone a long way in ensuring this goal is a reality (Hudson, 2008). Another major important point that case study explores is the importance of integrating information and technology in its operation. It has been insinuated that Hilton hotel had been experiencing a lot of challenges in customer delivery owing to delays and system failures. For example, the case study points out that in the past, very one of the Hilton hotel customer touch points experienced barriers to good client service since information was never

Human trafficking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Human trafficking - Essay Example World governments, UN, Council of Europe, NATO and NGOs are making efforts to combat it. The U.S is leading efforts with efforts to combat it domestically and internationally. The U.S Trafficking and Violence Protection Act 2000 {TVPA} has defined human trafficking as comprising severe crimes: sex trafficking and forced labor. It defines sex trafficking as a crime where â€Å"a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age.† TVPA defines forced labor as â€Å"the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage or slavery (http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/82902.pdf). Human trafficking is a transnational activity that does not consider boundaries or borders. Profits from human trafficking go into the strongboxes of international organized criminal outfits. Human trafficking is supported by other global crimes like money laundering document fraud and human smuggling (ht tp://www.lib.msu.edu/harris23/crimjust/human.htm). Human trafficking has a common denominator with all other forms of trafficking, i.e., reducing human beings to forms of property over which an unlimited power is exercised (Savona & Stefanizzi, 2007, p.10). Human trafficking is the ‘perfect’ crime because the risks of being caught are very less, negligible punishment awaits those unlucky enough to be apprehended, exorbitant profits are easily made and the whole business feeds on a traded item {human beings} that can be used and reused, marketed and exchanged (King & Clift, 2004, p.21). Human trafficking is the third most lucrative global illegal activity, surpassed only by illegal arms sales and illicit drugs. The human trafficking trade is widely and

Teenage Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teenage Smoking - Essay Example As per the findings of Holm et al, 80% of all smokers in the United States begin smoking even before the age of 18 (27). Because of the increased threat it raises to health and personal integrity, the prohibition of teenage smoking has become the most essential legal concern. In the United States, the issue has been a topic for debate for several decades between tobacco selling tycoons and social activists. Evidently, as an amicable solution to the controversial issue, the legal age of smoking should be raised, when at the same time, teenage smokers are perceived as vulnerable group that requires comprehensive care. The minimum legal age either for using or purchasing/selling tobacco products varies from country to country with an average range of 18-24. In most of the European countries including Poland, Serbia, Portugal, France, and UK the minimum legal age for smoking cigarettes is now 18. In contrast in the United States, there is no unified regulation on this issue and the minim um age restriction varies from state to state. Although 18 has been generally accepted as the minimum age, the decision is left to the discretion of states. For instance, many states including Alabama, Alaska, New Jersey, and some other counties of New York have recently reset the minimum age for smoking from 18 to 19. As per the Revised Washington Code, a person under the age of 18 who purchases or attempts to purchase, possesses, or attempts to possesses, obtain, or attempts to obtain cigarettes or tobacco products commits a class 3 civil infraction under chapter 7.8. (RCW 2002). Obviously, teenage smoking has to be approached with a socio-psychological perspective other than merely considering it as a health issue. Arguments favoring the rise of legal age to 19 or 21 strongly opine that teenage smoking indicates the behavioral inconsistency among adolescents which can be resolved only through comprehensive programs with the collective involvement of various governmental and non-g overnmental organizations. In order to define the behavioral changes of teenagers with regard to smoking as a symptom, we need to analyze some other aspects of this controversy. Researchers are deeply at odds regarding the factors that determine one’s behavior. Despite the actual trait, behavior of an individual is primarily determined by situational variables and environment. Hence, a person’s behavior is ever changing depending on the situation, place, and the surroundings. If an individual demonstrates exceeding emotional attachment or detachment to anything that comes within his personal environment it presumably point to a behavioral problem. This can be true with the adolescent smokers no matter how they got into this risk group. Several attempts have been made to reduce the use of tobacco products among the youth in the United States notably since 1996 as Food and Drug Administration (FDA) revised its previous policy. As Jacobson notes, the initial step the Stat es took was to introduce provisions ‘to suit tobacco industry to recover healthcare costs associated with smoking among medical recipients’ (1). One of the notable actions implemented with intent to reduce teenage smoking is the hike in cigarette price which according to some researchers has brought about significant decline in smoking habits. As Jacobson states, â€Å"the cost of cigarettes faced by teenagers can be raised through both price and non-price measures. Policy makers at the federal, state, and local levels can increase the price of cigarettes by raising cigarettes excise taxes-perhaps the most direct route of action† (Jacobson, 178). Admittedly, till date, the smoking

Community profile report Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Community profile report - Literature review Example It has also been defined as â€Å"a comprehensive description of the needs of a population ...and the resources that exist within that community, carried out with the active involvement of the community itself...."(Hawtin and Percy-Smith, 2007 cited in Teater & Baldwin, 2009). According to CIA (2008) a community profile is a summary of the history, present conditions, and anticipated future of an area. Community profiles can also contain data about crime, transport, health status and community service available. Through information about attitudes, perceptions of community cultural and historical character, it is also possible to determine the strengths, current issues, barriers, or changes in the profile (Love, Boxelaar, O’Donnell & Francis, 2007). Neighbourhood is the vicinity in which people live; it is the immediate social and physical environment in which people dwell (Berk, 2002). It also describes a socially distinguished area depending on residents’ perception. In the neighbourhood people interact for utility such as grocery stores, schools recreational parks, medical clinics (Lebel, Pampalon & Villeneuve, 2007). They also support or provide mutual aid in addition to interacting for pure socialization, thereby creating bond between individuals. Neighbourhood is the space in which people move around carrying on with their social and economic activities. This built environment contributes to one’s identity. Neighbourhood gradually becomes a reflection of one’s self, one’s values and aspirations and of the socioeconomic conditions. Only one percent of the total population was aged over 85 years but 18.3% of the population was claiming some form of benefit which is above the city-wide figure of 17.3 percent (Public Health Plymouth, 2013). The claimants for jobseekers allowance (4.7%) was also above the city-wide figure of 3.8 percent. In addition, the mortality rate is higher and life expectancy

Writing skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing skills - Essay Example I stand to be corrected. Like my previous writing essays, corrections were made to enhance one’s awareness of weaknesses and thus gives the writer a chance for improvement. As I now remunerate on the writing skills that were developed during the course, I was amazed to discover that there were remarkable improvements in all lot of aspects. I was more aware of grammatical rules, correct punctuations, word choices and the most crucial rules for citations and referencing. My previous apprehensions and fear in compositions were diminished as I became more confident in complying with writing requirements. I learned that like any academic endeavors, I need to make the necessary preparations, research, drafts, on the subject that needs to be focused on. Of course, there is crucial relevance in determining the audience for which the written work is supposed to be used. Finally, the sources of information for the essay could be overwhelming that I learned to streamline and determine wh ich are most significant in terms of screening authoritative information and those that could appropriately validate the credibility of the source. Most of all, I learned that writing is a skill that could be continually developed through constant practice.

Management Contracting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Management Contracting - Essay Example Generally, management companies wish to formulate standard form of contracts as it has a wide range of long term benefits. This paper will advise the client about the significance of having a decent contract before getting strait into the construction work. It will also explain the impact of such contracts on both the company and client. Since the client wishes to tie the contractors down with low fixed prices and other similar restrictions, it is better to design an established standard form of contract. In the opinion of Beard, Loulakis, and Wundram (2001, p.347), the standard form contracts assist the parties to contract with economical and convenient way of performance. The authors add that these types of contracts aid both the parties to minimise the costs associated with the lawyering for every subsequent contract in the formation of new projects (ibid). Since standard form contracts do not allow further negotiation on formed contracts, both the parties can take advantage of th e reduced transaction costs. Similarly, this established contract reduces the possibilities of unforeseen anomalies and thereby it would help the client to save unexpected costs that may incur in the future. The client gives great emphasis on time and it can be achieved by the formation of a standard form contract. ... When the project owner or client gives a valid acceptance to the offer, the contract comes into force. The court has developed some additional terms for the standard term contract in order to protect the interests of both the parties. It would be difficult for the large-scale construction management organisations to maintain separate contracts for every individual. Therefore, a standard form of contract helps the firm to escape from the troublesome difficulties of negotiation and other legal formalities. Similarly, it provides conveniences to client also. The standard form contract obliges the firm to give reasonable notice to the client at proper times regarding necessary information. It is also held that the notice should be contemporaneous with the contract so that it would save the client from additional liabilities. Likewise, the client will be legally protected if the firm makes a fundamental breach of the contract on the strength of sub-clauses. In addition, the standard form contracts maintain many provisions that would satisfy the interests of both the parties. For instance, Murdoch and Hughes say that JCT SB 05 is a standard building contract which necessitates the appointment of an architect or contract administrator who has some strictly defined powers such as â€Å"issuing of certain instructions on behalf of employer and also certification of payments, the quality of work, and the contractor’s performance† (Murdoch & Hughes, 2008, p.106). In addition, it includes certain fluctuation clauses which save the parties from losses associated with fluctuations in money market and changes in governmental regulations. There may be variations in labour prices, tax rates, and raw material costs which would

Organizational Strategies for Quality Assessment and Improvement Research Paper

Organizational Strategies for Quality Assessment and Improvement - Research Paper Example The availability of equipment will ensure protection of personnel and promote organizational safety culture. The organization system should also avoid blame games and work towards solving problems from where they arise. The idea is for the organization to work as a team through openness and transparency in ensuring a culture of safety. Inclusions of the workers in the safety culture motivate the individuals in contributing to the quality improvement. The model works better for mutual communication between employees and management (Shekelle, Wachter, Pronovost & United States, 2013). Besides, the commitment of the management to ensuring that safety culture is successful, and teamwork motivates other employees in improving the services quality. The leaders’ commitment to achieving the goal of a culture of safety plays a vital role in ensuring the whole program is successful. A paper program without commitment will not lead to improved quality and safety hence there is a need for management to act appropriately. The leaders should play their part through listening and implementing workers contribution towards improving safety. Implementation of the workers idea encourages them to find solutions for any existing problems in the organization including safety. Management can only achieve these safety and quality improvement through communicating to the employees (Longo,

Inventory management Essay Example for Free

Inventory management Essay Part One: Inventory Management and its role within the Supply Chain Inventory management is a method through, which a business handles tangible resources and materials to ensure availability of resources for use. It is a collection of interdisciplinary processes including a full circle from the demand forecasting, supply chain management, inventory control and reverse logistics. Inventory management is the optimization of inventories of manufactured goods, work in progress, raw materials, and other features of companies in order to reduce storage costs while providing a high level of service and smooth operations. Inventory management in logistics is the optimization of operations directly related to the processing and registration of goods, and to the coordination with the procurement and sales service, it is the calculation of the optimal number of stores and their locations. Effective inventory management allows an organization to meet or exceed customers expectations. Several technical applications of inventory management models are incorporated by the inventory management so as to achieve efficiency. Critical role of the inventory management is therefore played by the concepts such as safety stock, cost of goods, economic ordering quantity, customer managed inventory, a vendor managed inventory, and the inventory turnover. The key principles of inventory management remain the same across all the industries; however, some critical areas of emphasizing these principles may vary from one sector of business to another. Inventory management in the supply chain is a complex of supply chain optimization techniques. This is a key element in the supply chain management. Experts emphasize companies’ attention on what constantly improving efficiency in the supply chain has become a market requirement and prerequisite for competitiveness. Global trends for the largest industrial and commercial companies integration lead to the formation of the global system with integrated supply chain, procurement, etc. That is why inventory management in the supply chain cannot be separated from the overall system, a single ‘logistics organism of the company. Information technology can help to integrate the management of inventory in the supply chain. The purpose of the usage of information technology to manage inventory in the supply chain is to increase the efficiency of all processes. (Supply chain management  consulting 2002) The important aspect of the inventory management lies on the correct application of the right inventory management tools. Understanding of all the details of inventory management leads to the effective control of inventory. When lean practices are applied to all aspects of the inventory management cycle, this means that business can effectively reduce the investment in shipping costs, plant rentals, reverse logistics, and standing inventory while improving or maintaining customer service levels in its overall performance. (Purchasing and Procurement Center, 2012). Therefore, inventory management is important and need to be effected at all levels of business operations to keep the inventory levels stable and to avoid costly errors and inconveniences (Winsner, 2011). Part Two: 1. It is often difficult to find reliable costs of stock. With shortages this seems almost impossible. Discuss how we can find cost of loss of good well or reduced future sales, and to what extent we can have reliable estimates for such costs. Often, it is difficult to find reliable cost of stock because market factors such as shortages come into place. The most important element, which must come into place pertaining to this situation, is intelligence pricing. Intelligent pricing is an element, which will ensure a successful business venture, and without this business will not find reliable costs of stock. Before launching a new business, it is always important for entrepreneurs to have adequate knowledge about the various pricing strategies and components available. Market place factors ought to be weighted by the business owners before prices of goods and services are set. Therefore, factors such as the market, competition and the distribution costs need to be put in place so as to arrive at reliable cost of stock. In any analysis of the inventory management system several factors should be considered: the demand forecast and delivery time, as well as the costs associated with the system operation. The cost parameters must be considered as well. Firstly, the costs of holding reserves, which include the cost of dead capital in stocks,  keeping costs and other costs associated with physical presence of goods in a warehouse. Secondly, order and reorder costs which includes the cost of placing an order, the cost of record-keeping, as well as the cost of set-closing operation if the output is considered in batches. Another important indicator are the costs due to lack of or inability to meet demand(shortage costs), the costs due to changing nature of the products, production costs , as well as losses due to obsolescence or damage. Lets consider shortage costs in details. These are the costs associated with the occurrence of shortage and can show up in those cases when the product is required, but cannot be supplied because it is out of stock. The impact of shortage is wider than lost profit, as it involves the loss of image, goodwill and potential losses from the reduction in the number of sales in the future. These costs may also include such payments for actions ,aimed at reducing the deficit, as freight forwarding, sending a rush order, payment for special types of products, the usage of more expensive suppliers. Most companies believe that shortage is always expensive, so they try avoid it. In other words, they are willing to pay relatively low costs for stock keeping in order to avoid relatively high costs associated with shortage. These costs represent a penalty to be paid by the owner of an enterprise in case when the demand exceeds the supply. It is very difficult to ensure that demand will always be satisfied and, in addition, it is likely for a firm that such guarantees can be joint with extremely high costs. The shortage can be offset by emergency delivery, in this case, penalty is the difference between ordinary value of product and the cost of emergency delivery. Sometimes shortage is offset by back-ordering, i.e. goods are delivered to the customer as soon as they come in stock. In this case, penalty is the loss of goodwill, this can affect customer’s behavior in the future. In extreme case this shortage can lead to the loss of customer, then the penalty will include not only lost sales cost, but also losses of many customers in the future. Identifying shortage costs is exceptionally difficult task, and it does not arise barely because the administration of an enterprise is not interested in reduction of these costs. Direct shortage cost figures were obtained only in a few cases, and only with limited accuracy. One of the most important  elements of the intangible assets of the company is its goodwill. At the same time it cannot be said that the formation of goodwill and maintaining it at a high level is something new and unique for today’s businesses. Goodwill represents the kind of good name of a company and is accounted in its intangible assets, along with copyrights, know-how and trademarks. Goodwill may be either positive or negative. The positive goodwill of a company may help: To add psychological value for products and services; To attract new customers in case they have a choice between functionally similar products or services; to bring a company more qualified employees and increase job satisfaction of an existing staff; To increase the effectiveness of advertising and sales, to support distributors, advertising agencies, suppliers and business partners; To raise funds on the stock market and survive in the event of a crisis. Any competitive producer knows that in order to gain the consumer recognition and profit, it is needed to invest primarily in itself. After all, a good name works better than any advertising. It is impossible to generate a goodwill from scratch. The company should enjoy really significant achievements and benefits which lay the foundation for goodwill. The process of generating a goodwill takes a long time and considerable amount of money. This is a long-run, very complicated process that cannot be insured against dangers, losses and risks. (Lean manufacturing and and operations management, 2012) One of the most important trends in recent years has been towards e-commerce. How does this affect inventory management? Electronic Commerce is a type of trading, which applies the use of modern technologies such as mobile commerce, supply chain management, electronic funds transfer, internet marketing, electronic data interchange, online transaction processing, and inventory management systems among others. (Practical Ecommerce, 2010). Through the application of computerized technology in inventory management, business organizations are able to have a complete inventory description in real-time basis. Investing in e-commerce technology allows business owners to have a strong inventory management backed, which includes bar codes that allow streamlining of the inventory processes. A streamlined process leads to accurate planning due to improved forecasting, product turnover leading  to increased profits and better customer services. E- Commerce inventory management system also means that the business owner can easily integrate with customers through various technologies such the internet and the smart phones. Through this, customers are able to access the available products and their prices and business owners will be able to place their products in the market with ease. Measuring of the inventory turns is also achieved by e-commerce with the use of the appropriate software and proper techniques. Therefore, more frequent inventory turns are achievable, and this boosts the profits. E-commerce is also applied in managing vendors, and maintaining good ties with vendors enables business owners to negotiate favorable terms and conditions for business. Elimination of obsolete inventory in a timely manner is achieved through e-commerce as the seller can easily identify such inventory through real-time observation of the market changes. Inventory items are also reduced through e-commerce since business owners are able to keep just enough items because they know their market capabilities in real-time without false anticipation. Therefore, the overall impact of e-commerce in inventory management is that accurate information is attainable and efficient, and effective operations can be achieved by business owners because the amount of warehousing space required is reduced and constructively used with minimal wastage associated with unpredictable approximations and anticipations (Coyle et al, 2008). Now it is quite obvious that the Internet is changing the image of the world economy. The Internet has the greatest impact on e-commerce between businesses (B2B). Companies form strategic alliances and build relationships with suppliers. The rate of development and growth of e-commerce, as well as promising prospects for increased supply chain efficiencies all these facts have a significant impact on the companies’ activities engaged in B2B commerce. Such businesses are forced to reduce operating and handling costs and at the same time to accelerate the supply chain activity. Those B2B companies that do business effectively have achieved a leading market positions in their industries. The supplying funds savings can be directed at the enhancement of IT infrastructure operations, and ultimately at the improvement of customer service B2B. The differences between e-commerce B2B and B2C are more significant than between the retail and wholesale trade. From a business perspective, this means savings within the organization, a willingness to enter into profitable alliances with suppliers, a reduction of operative costs in the delivery of goods and services, the precise regulation of the complex coordination within the union in respect of procurement, timely delivery and electronic payments. (Network solutions, 2012). Conclusion A company may command a hefty price on its product or service, but it is amazing how such companies may sometimes observe to be making minimal profit, making no profit or even running at a loss. This means that the cost of the product is different. Perhaps, to arrive at a reliable cost of stock means that business owners need to develop appropriate pricing strategy and to implement it so as it will result in generation of profits. Inventory management is a method through, which a business handles tangible resources and materials to ensure availability of resources for use. Efficient technology such as the application of e-commerce leads to effective inventory management. This is likely to lead to cost efficiency and effectiveness and therefore generate profitability. Main advantages of e-commerce for companies are: global scale, reduction of inventoty costs, supply chain development, fast time-to-market etc. For customers they are: large product variety, personalization, low prices, etc. The high emphasis should be placed on costs parameters when analyzing inventory management. The impact of shortage cost is wider than the lost profit, as it involves the loss of image, goodwill and potential losses from the reduction in the number of sales in the future. Identifying shortage costs is exceptionally difficult task, and it does not arise barely because the management of an enterprise is not interested in lowering these costs. Sometimes the shortage is offset by back-ordering. Shortage costs may lead to the loss of goodwill, this can affect the customer’s behavior in the future. Under present-day conditions, goodwill may change in the shortest possible time. A number of different factors can contribute to this, and therefore the organizations security policy should include measures to manage reputational risk. Is is evident that the goodwill in the current market environment is the most important competitive advantage for any company.

Understanding Organisations and the Role of Human Resources Essay Example for Free

Understanding Organisations and the Role of Human Resources Essay Human Resources are the most vital resource for any organization. It is responsible for each and every decision taken, each and every work done and each and every result. Employees should be managed properly and motivated by providing best of their abilities as per the industry standards. There are many activities in HR that the employee’s working in the HR department needs to partake in to support an organisation. Below are three that I have decided to focus on Recruitment and selection: When it comes to recruiting for an organisation, an HR employee has a lot to get involved in. They are the ones that arrange, or provide assistance in posting vacancies, developing and implementing recruitment strategies, identifying and selecting candidates, assuring all pre-employment requirements are met, and confirming job offers. Advertising the job role is something an HR employee has to do. They can advertise job roles in many different ways such as internal emails. Most companies start out emailing internal employees about current job vacancies incase another employee would like to apply for the role or a friend or family member would. This is cost effective as no money is spent on advertising publicly; therefore if they are working within a budget, this is a good way to save money. Advertising publicly can become an expense. If an HR employee does choose to advertise publicly such as in the local paper, then they will have to work on writing the advertisement and sending the advertisement to the local papers. One way of advertising publicly without affecting any budget is by advertising on social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, and Linkedin, and posting the advertisement on job websites such as Reed.co.uk, indeed.co.uk, and totaljob.co.uk. This is a good way to advertise a job vacancy as no costs are incurred and it is guaranteed to be viewed by many possible applicants. Other ways in which an HR employee advertises for vacancies is through a Recruitment Agency. This can become quite expensive, but it’s down to the agency to find the suitable candidates and notify the HR employee about the prospective clients. If a large number of applications are received, this will prevent the interviewing of all applicants by the HR employee, even though all applications are reviewed and applicants whose qualifications and experience seem most appropriate to the opening for which they have applied  are generally selected for screening interviews with the HR employee and possibly another member involved in the recruitment process such as a Team Leader, Manager, or Director. If successful, the HR employee will notify all the applicants interviewed for the specific vacancy, and they will also notify them of the outcome of the selection process. Before conducting an interview, an HR employee has to be aware of the following †¢Familiarising with the duties and requirements of the position they are looking to fill. †¢Making sure they can answer general questions about the organisation and the benefits provided. †¢Formulate questions that will focus on job-related issues such as asking the can didates how they would deal with real life, job-related situations. †¢Write down and organize the questions in the order you will be asking them. †¢Review applicant’s CV and application. †¢Put the applicant at ease with introductory and welcoming remarks. †¢Ask open-ended questions which require behavioral descriptions rather than simply â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† answers (i.e., have them describe a work situation in which they handled stress well rather than just asking if they can â€Å"handle stress well†). †¢Stay away from questions that have more to do with personal lifestyle than job experience. Phrase the question so that the answer will describe on-the-job qualities instead of personal qualities. If the question is not related to performance on the job, it should not be asked. General Administration of the employees Another aspect an HR employee has to deal with is the general admin of their employees. The HR department with have every employee’s personal details such as address details for sending out letters, pay-slips, or any other documentation. Bank details to make sure the employees wages go into the employees account. Passports, any qualification certificates, birth certificates, right to work, sickness forms, medical information, etc. Any of this information is liable to change in which case, it is down to the employee to notify the HR employee and it is the HR employee’s job to correct, amend and store away this information. Part of the admin is making sure the filing system is maintained and up to date, Supporting with training development administration including updating training records, and other ad hoc duties that support the smooth running of the office and  the HR department Payroll and compensation: Another aspect on an HR employee’s job is to ensure that all staff receives their wages accurately and on time, usually on a monthly basis. Most of the time, when dealing with payroll, producing the pay slips is the most important part of pay roll. The HR employee has close communication with managers and other employee’s such as Team Leaders to find out about any new recruits, promotions, benefits, and any other aspects that need to be considered when dealing with an employee’s wage. Compensation is the reward received by the employee’s in return for their contributions to the organisation. It is an organised practice that involves balancing the work-employee relation by providing monetary and non-monetary benefits to employees. Compensation is an integral part of human resource management which helps in motivating the employees and improving organisational effectiveness. Other compensation is determining and providing the compensation packages to the employees that are aligned with the business goals and objectives. In some cases, organisations have to take special measures regarding compensation of the employees so that the organisations retain the valuable employees. The compensation systems have changed from traditional ones to strategic compensation systems. Ways HR professional support Line Managers and their staff Building Relationships with employees The primary reason human resources and line managers should work together is because both parties have a vested interest in ensuring the company achieves success. Through working together, line management becomes more proficient in tactical human resources functions. This frees up time for human resources professionals to devote more time to strategic HR management. Everybody working in an organisation should develop the right culture and behaviours between everybody working for the organisation. HR employees do this by coaching and working with line managers to help them to better understand the range of tools at their disposal to help develop and train the employees of the organisation. This can range from linking specific performance measures such as behavioral, attitude, willingness, and quality  of an employee’s work, and if needed, making exceptions and goals for an employee to work towards. When HR is working with line managers, the HR employee should posses the ability to build effective relationships with other employee’s in their organisation. This will enable the HR employee to communicate the translation of the HR and business objectives in a language that both sides understand. Only then can the relationship be built on a platform of mutual respect and trust where both sides work as a team. HR employees need to make line managers aware of the support that is available to help them to develop their talent management capability. Line Managers recognise that it is up to HR employee to raise their profile in terms of what they can offer and bring to a business making them a more reputable employee for the organisation Conflict Resolution Workplace conflict is inevitable whenever department employees represent different cultures, work styles and personalities. When conflicts arise, line managers typically seek the advice of HR in resolving issues between employees or issues between employees and their managers. If there is already tension between HR and a member of the management team, it can be difficult for HR to determine what underlies the conflict and how to resolve it. A positive working relationship between HR and any employee in a management status will make it easier when handling workplace investigations and solving the differences between staff. When HR and line management work together, it’s easier for HR to investigate workplace issues because the human resource staff may have greater confidence that line managers document their employment actions and decisions appropriately and according to company policy. Department Staffing The human resource department’s main function is to support the workforce needs of the organisation. HR and line managers should communicate regularly and frequently to determine the skills and qualifications that are required to make sure that department functions are running smoothly. Whenever there’s a vacancy in a line manager’s department, an HR recruiter or employment specialist and the line manager review the job description to  determine who might be suitable for the roll internally. During the recruitment and selection process, HR advises line managers on how to identify qualified candidates and existing department staff capabilities. Performance Management Training and development is an HR function that prepares line managers for a number of leadership tasks. One task is conducting employee performance appraisals. Human resources practitioners develop learning objectives based on line managers’ understanding of the organisation’s coaching philosophy. Leadership training topics include how to provide employees with constructive feedback and how to conduct fair and unbiased assessments of employee performance. HR and line managers should therefore work together to ensure the organisation maintains a consistent approach to performance management. Inconsistencies within an organisation’s performance management system negatively impact employee job satisfaction, which is another reason HR and line managers, should work collaboratively.

Effective Pedagogy for Early Childhood

Effective Pedagogy for Early Childhood For the purpose of this study an activity has been planned by the author and introduced within the authors own work setting. Any learning intentions will be evaluated and consideration given to any learning opportunities offered to establish the successfulness of implementation of the activity. All planning will be developed using the guidance of the Early Years Foundation Stage (DCFS, 2008), consideration given to the differentiation of children`s needs and variety of pedagogical approaches required. Research will be undertaken to establish the considerations given in planning to the Early Years Foundation Stage Principles, themes and commitments supported by relevant theory and research findings . Research will be undertaken into different theorists and how their findings may influence current practice within the workplace. A video recording will be made to capture all interactions and opportunities utilised for shared, sustained thinking. Opportunities for the development of language, and diversity of learning will be evaluated and assessed with the help and guidance of the settings manager. The Early Years Setting The area used for the planned activity is within the main room of a Foundation Unit which caters for children who are aged three to five years old. The area chosen is within the creative part of the setting allowing access to all materials and equipment available. The area has been prepared for the activity, all resources have been prepared and organised adhering to the health and safety guidance of the setting. The aim of the activity is to establish a child`s ability to handle tools and objects safely and effectively, this has been achieved through the provision of a variety of equipment and materials supported through the interaction of the early years practitioner. Planning has been differentiated allowing for children of lower abilities to be included within the activity, and different strategies implemented in order to cater for individual developmental needs. This is in line with the aims and principles of the EYFS approach to learning. Good planning is important for effective practice in order to give a varied and progressive approach to learning. It enables practitioners to build on their own personal skills and knowledge and enhance development within practice. The EYFS (DCSF, 2008) recognises the significance of planning and observation as a method to inform practitioners, building on experiences of children and enhancement of any learning opportunities. Activity `Bubble Balloons (Appendix a) Planning implemented to develop an activity that would support the existing theme of work within the setting ` Transport; In the Air , and previous week`s observations was developed . Consideration was given to the development of different levels of learning ,with the inclusion of a lesson plan to support the original theme. A copy of the lesson plan was then given to the manager who will observe the activity and make notes which will evaluate the success of implementation, development of language and any other relevant information . This activity was planned for implementation within the main room of the setting. A mixture of six children aged three to five years old were invited to participate. The children were given aprons to protect their clothes and the activity introduced by the practitioner. Different techniques, materials and processes were modelled, and encouragement given to make independent choices. The purpose of the activity was explained, describing any learning intentions and relevance of the activity to the settings main theme. An example of a finished product was shown to aid visual awareness of children present. Opportunities to discuss the activity allowed the children to establish clarity of the adult`s expectations. Following safety guidelines a cup and jug of water were placed on top of the table and each child given a straw. Children were asked to initially blow through a straw into a cup of water to establish their ability to blow and not suck. Following this assessment the practitioner was able to ascertain which children required the alternative strategies for the activity. The differentiation of planning enabled less able children to access finger paints and decorate balloon templates instead of bubble painting. It is the responsibility of early years providers to focus on each child`s individually learning development through the differentiation of planning and ensuring positive attitudes to diversity, as stated in the EYFS Statutory Framework (DCSF, 2008). The children were encouraged to experiment by individually blowing through the straws into pots of coloured paints, pressing a blank paper balloon template onto the pot observing the various patterns created. This process was then repeated building up the density of paint onto the paper. This is an activity that is supported by the EYFS Early Learning goals for Knowledge and Understanding (DCSF, 2008), which encourage children to explore and investigate materials using all their senses as appropriate. Opportunities for the practitioner to observe the childrens reactions to the stimuli and note any `wow moments enabled evidence to be collected and reflect on the outcome of the activity. Throughout the activity encouragement was given to talk about changes of textures, colours and different techniques used. When finished, children offered ideas and suggestions to what they could do next to improve or extend the activity. Guidance and support of the practitioner was offered when required, enabling children to input their own ideas encouraging independent thinking, confidence and development of cognitive skills. Following this discussion the children began to independently decorate square pieces of card using a variety of materials of their own choice. With support from the adult the children attached the balloon template to the `basket with a variety of methods of their choice. Opportunities at the end of the activity were given to discuss as a whole the different methods used, and opportunities given for the children to share their finished `balloon. This allowed the children to share in their own creativity, thoughts, feelings and ideas with their peer group. This activity was observed, recorded and assessed throughout by the manager of the setting. Notes were made of actual interactions for accurate study. Use of appropriate language and expansion of language was recorded and suggestions made to alter or support the pedagogical approaches used. An opportunity to discuss the findings with the manager at a later date allowed a collaboration of ideas to be shared, and any advice given to be built upon and implemented in future practice. Pedagogical Approaches Throughout the activity consideration was given to the language used and opportunities for children to interact freely through exploration and experimentation. An introduction to the activity giving clear, positive instructions and expectations helped the children to follow a clear guideline of the task ahead. This` modelling is identified in the Effective Early Learning (EEL) Project (Pascal and Bertram, 2001) in the three key parts of adult interaction which impact directly in a child`s learning; effective interactions, sensitivity and freedom to learn and explore independently. The introduction of a finished product gave the children a visual aid to illustrate what was required. Visual aids illustrates a different approach that will support communication together with the spoken word. Bruner(1983) describes the relationship between adult scaffolding, learning and a child`s level of language development. However Trevarthan (1998) describes that without a child`s own desire to learn or participate, progress will be impaired requiring practitioners to develop an awareness into supporting these needs, giving opportunities for children to freely express their individual intentions. Visual aids, body language, sharing and communication all illustrate a holistic approach to learning and is encouraged within the main principles of the EYFS Framework (DCFS, 2008). This is shown in the differentiating of planning for the activity for children who have identified barriers to learning and whom may require more adult support . Through utilising a mixed and multi-sensory approach to learning, various pedagogical approaches have been illustrated. Using visual, auditory and tactile resources allow the children to fully participate in the activity in a calm, safe and structured environment. This can be shown through the child`s enthusiasm and interest illustrated. This process is described as `VAK; Visual, Auditory and Kinaesthetic aids. (DfES , 2004) Evaluation Of Manager (Appendix b) As shown in appendix b, the manager has bullet pointed many positive aspects for competent teaching and an ability to deliver a clear, precise but informative lesson was identified. The delivery of the lesson was highlighted and described as fun and exciting, with children eager to learn and participate. The use of this type of communication is described as `conversational scaffolding, the importance of the practitioners role in supporting and motivating the children is reinforced through stimulating the children`s interests and empathy shown to their feelings and interactions. A belief illustrated in the Effective Early Learning (EEL) project (2001). The manager was able to identify that a deep understanding into the methods and resources for the activity had been achieved through the introduction of the lesson plan, resources and ability to deliver a clear, but informative introduction to the activity. The use of different techniques and skills introduced to the children were identified allowing the children to explore freely within their own creativity. Language was used to expand the children`s ideas and children given encouragement to experiment at their own level of learning through adult scaffolding, and open- ended questions. The targets identified to improve pedagogical approaches within practice were to give the children more freedom to answer, using their peers to discuss their work and during this discussion to focus more on the questions given to the children in order to allow more child led learning. Reflective Evaluation Following this activity I was able to stand back and reflect on my professional capabilities and approach to the pedagogical methods used. I feel that I had successfully researched data, implementing my own learning skills and knowledge into the lesson plan. The EYFS guidelines (DCFS, 2008) were followed during the planning process, and developmental guidance taken into the provision of age related targets for planning. A deep understanding of any learning intentions was acquired in order to plan accordingly for a child`s individual developmental needs by following the EYFS framework. Through discussion with colleagues the effectiveness of the activity was evaluated and different pedagogical approaches discussed in order to develop professionally with the workplace. Throughout the activity an holistic approach to learning ensured that all the children could freely communicate, think about their intentions and enhance any physical skills through their own creativity. Support and guidance was given when required encouraging the children`s own experimentation. This is a theory supported by Erikson (1963) whom believed that children would reach their full physical and intellectual potential allowing a balance of learning opportunities and adult intervention. Whereas Bruce (1991) identifies the importance of free play to enable a child to be in control without restrictions. I feel that through the provision of adult support and opportunities for experimentation, a happy, safe and secure medium has been achieved within this activity. The aims and objectives intended for the activity were reached effectively, the children competently handled all the necessary tools and materials safely. A diversity of learning was achieved through the differentiation of planning, complying with the principles identified in the National Curriculum (DFEE,1989) overcoming potential barriers to learning by responding and planning according to a child`s individual learning with the inclusion of suitable but achievable learning challenges. I found that the activity was successful, all health and safety issues were taken into consideration, children were individually assessed to ascertain developmental capabilities, and differentiation in planning enabled all children to participate in the activity according to individual levels of development. The activity seemed to flow along without any major alterations and I was able to respond and support all language and skills required. I have established that the process of planning, ability to identify certain developmental areas in need of focus, observation within practice, group collaboration and reflection vital to my own professional development. This method of reflection is described by Schon (1983) as reflection- in- action. Conclusion Pedagogical approaches in the Early Years are essential in the provision of effective practice. In order to promote pedagogy, a practitioner must be able to demonstrate a good knowledge and understanding into the principles, aims and content of the EYFS framework and successfully implement them within practice. Planning, observations and assessments are all influenced through the ability to adapt intentions according to the holistic approach encouraged by the EYFS. An ability to understand a child`s individual developmental needs and focus on appropriate learning objectives aid in the provision of appropriate pedagogical resources, activities and interaction within the setting . Different theorists and government legislations have influenced the delivery of the EYFS; the Effective Early Learning (EEL) Project (Pascal and Bertram, 2001), National Curriculum (DCFS, 1989) have impacted on the role of an early years practitioner through their different approaches to a child`s learning and development. A need for on- going development ensures that all early year practitioners need to be aware of current policies and procedures that may impact on practice within the workplace. It has been established that through collaboration with colleagues a better understanding into different strategies would improve practice within the workplace and steps to improve these factors will enhance any further professional development. Word Count; 2,200 References Department for Children, Schools and Families (2008) Practice Guidance for the Early Years Foundation Stage. Nottingham : DCFS Publications. Department for Children, Schools and Families (2008) Statutory Guidance for the Early Years Foundation Stage. Nottingham: DCFS Publications. Bruner,(1983) in Pound, L (2005) How Children Learn. London: Step Forward Publishing Ltd. Department for Education and Employment (1989) The National Curriculum. London: HMSO. Department for Education and Science (2004) Primary National Strategy Excellence and Enjoyment: Learning and Teaching in the Primary Years: Section 3- Diverse Learning Needs. London: DfES. Erikson, E (1963) Childhood and Society. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Pascal, C and Bertram, A (2001) The Effective Early Learning ( EEL) Project: Achievements and Reflections. London: House of Commons. Schon, DA(1983) The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think In Action. New York: Basic Books. Trevarthan, C. (1998) The Child`s need to learn a culture in, Woodhead, M., Faulkner, D. And Littleton, K. Cultural Worlds of Early Childhood. London: Routledge/ Open University Press.

Essay About Family: A Portrait of a Sister :: Personal Narrative essay about my family

A Portrait of a Sister Sitting at my desk, trying to organize all my server sales reports from work, photo-copied papers, coupons, gift-certificates and important receipts, I start laughing to myself at how much I am like my sister. The sound of her soft voice echoes through my mind, â€Å" Lee, photo-copy all these documents, and don’t forget to keep your receipts.† That is my sister’s fetish; anything important must be photocopied, unless a sin. It’s those little things she says and does that I have always teased her about that I find myself doing now. I glance up looking on my desk for the FAFSA document, and the picture of my sister and me driving the cardboard school bus catches my eye. January 1988 Sitting in my living room, my grandma and mom were taking down the Christmas decorations, and putting them in cardboard boxes. My sister always had my grandma’s creativity, which they both passed on to me. My sister turned to me and said, â€Å" I have a fun project for us, Lee.† Rolling my eyes and looking back over my shoulder, to my sister, I said, â€Å"Oh, no way. Last time you had a fun project I ended up having my hands tied behind my back.† She informed me that it would be really fun, she swore. The whole week we secretly stashed cardboard boxes in the closet in our room, and then we cut out all different shapes. The shapes together were going to make up a school bus. Since my mom is a schoolteacher we stole her paint, and later that week we painted the cardboard yellow. Two weeks later, we presented our project to my mom and grandma at dinner. We were so proud of ourselves. Looking back now, I remember that the school bus was our favorite toy for that week. I also remember that the following week my sister had a new â€Å"project†. May 1996 My first week of JV Kickline tryouts. I come home and say, â€Å"We have a mission on our hands.† I tell her it is now time to make me the next member of the Bethpage JV Kickline team. During that whole week of tryouts, I am practically in house arrest. I think this is when my sister really teaches me that no one is perfect and she shows me how to use my strongest strength.

Global savings Essay -- essays research papers

Question 1: (i) Briefly, what is the issue? What impact does it have on different regions’ GDP, prices, exchange rates and Interest rates? The issue is an unprecedented level of world surplus savings (especially in the Asian economies) that faced with weak investment opportunities serve to fund a growing US current account deficit which creates dangerous world imbalances. The Euro-zone and Japan have slow GDP growth and their savings increase due to a lack of confidence in both financial and social security systems as well as the inability of the private sector to find investments. Also we see increasing fiscal deficits, very low real interest rates and low inflation. The Euro appreciated vs. USD, creating loss of export competitiveness that added up to a weak demand. The yen has been down in real terms (to avoid deflation). Therefore, most of the countries (specially Asia and specifically China) are using this surplus to lend money to the US, thus making the US both borrower and spender of last resort (to finance mainly US consumption, its current account deficit and to some extent its fiscal deficit). Furthermore, any FDIs from Europe and the US into developing Asian economies are recycled (although the Asian countries keep the technology) into Asian Central Banks’ purchase of US Treasuries. The banks also use this as a mechanism to maintain export competitiveness by fixing their currency against the USD, which increases their foreign reserve accumulations. Tight monetary and fiscal policies as well as direct interventions in credit markets have helped to sustain this high domestic savings. China’s economic growth rate is 9%, due to: increasing exports & spending in capital goods and construction; very low interest rates; increasing (but still low) inflation and real exchange rate depreciation. (ii) Why does it put the world economy at high risk? What is the worst possible outcome? The US current account deficit has increased to 6.5% of GDP, because of low and falling savings as well as private spending rising faster than disposable income. The US net external liabilities have also increased to levels that had never been seen before. Thus, in order to achieve a growth of output in line with full employment, US domestic demand needs to grow more than GDP (since imports grow also 6% more than exports). Therefore the US has increased its current ac... ...sp;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Depreciation of the dollar: necessary but not sufficient. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Decrease US fiscal deficit: i.e. increasing taxes and decreasing government expenditure. Increase in domestic savings (for instance by increasing interest rates) is paramount. Increase exports would also be of help. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Expansionary policies in Asia: decrease their excess savings and stimulate domestic spending (through structural reforms in financial system) and favor internal lending. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Allow a real exchange rate appreciation of Asian currencies: a new competitiveness policy would have to be based in productivity than current exchange rate intervention. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Euro-zone should create new investment opportunities: structural reforms like social security, labor legislation, tax system, public sector services and enterprises, should allow the creation of new investment opportunities in Europe. Also EUR would appreciate vs USD, causing exports to US to reduce; but a depreciation against Asian currencies could be a gain in competitiveness for export oriented countries such as Germany.

Socioeconomic Class and the History of South Africa :: African Africa History

Socioeconomic Class and the History of South Africa In any historical account gender, race, socioeconomic class and many more issues are closely interwoven. In fact, to try and separate them would be not only onerous but also a specious task because the resulting account, although perhaps straightforward, would be at best only partial. However, when considering the history of Southern Africa, the most encompassing account would be that of socioeconomic class. The motives behind the historical events of Southern Africa have been strongly socioeconomic, even if the motives then evoked racial or gender based issues. Thus, if one had to choose a way to understand South African history, it should be socioeconomically. The motivation for colonization was economic. It eventually became more economically efficient for the Dutch East India Company (VOC) to build its own port than to continue trading with Africans on its way to Eastern Asia (Ross, 21). Dealings between settlers and Africans were based on socioeconomics, whether the interaction was buying and selling cattle and sheep or a conflict over the amount of land that settlers were taking from the Xhosa. For Africans, using a large amount of land for grazing one’s cattle was a symbol of high status because it meant that you had many cattle to graze and that you could protect a large amount of land (Ross, 22). The settler’s invasion was an economic blow. Also, the Great Trek was caused because Afrikaaners felt that they did not have the socioeconomic status they desired. Their land was being divided into small pieces, so they decided it would be better to go out and find other land than to continue to live as they were in the lower class. This was no mass movement of the â€Å"Afrikaaner People,† but only a number of small groups setting out to claim â€Å"free† land for themselves (Ross, 39). The wars between the Africans and Trekkers at these times were fought as the Africans realized that these people were coming to stay on their territory, and as the Trekkers realized that they would have to kill to keep the land they needed to secure wealth (Ross, 40).

Consumer Buying Behavior Essay

Toilet soaps are part of the growing tribe of cleansing and beautifying products available across the country. There are scores of brands and an even greater number of variants making for a bewildering range. The Indian market has over 1100 million people living in more than 4500 towns and cities and in excess of 580,000 villages. Products must cut through several price points and fragrances to satisfy everyone. Toilet soaps are marketed through 5 million retail stores of which 3.75 million are in rural areas, the penetration rate of the toilet soap is around 97 percent in urban areas and 89 percent in rural areas. But, the per capita consumption of toilet / bathing soap in India is very low at 800g whereas it is 6.5kg in the US, 4 kg in China and 2.5 kg in Indonesia. The market size of the Indian soap industry is around Rs.7129 crores. It can be classified into four categories namely premium, popular, economy and carbolic soaps. The â€Å"Premium1 category includes Dove, Mysore Sandal, Pears and some international brands. Brands in the â€Å"Popular’ category include Cinthol, Santoor, Rexona etc. Likewise, Fairglow, Godrej No. 1 etc. come under economy brands. Carbolic brands include Lifebuoy and Nima bath soap. Over the years, the â€Å"popular’ segment has witnessed rapid growth and has been the category driver. Consumers shift from the premium segment as and when they see better value in the popular category. At the same time, consumers upgrade from the economy segment due to increased in tune with the increasing disposable incomes in both urban and rural areas. As a result, the industry has witnessed a fifteen percent growth in premium brands. The market is flooded with several, leading national and global brands and a large number of small brands, which have limited markets. Competition amongst the MNCs has intensified, leading to shrinkage of margins. The leading players in this market are HUL (Dove, Pears, Lux, Lifebuoy, Breeze), Nirma (Nima), Godrej Soaps (Cinthol, FairGlow, Shikakai, Nihar), Wipro (Santoor), and Reckitt and Benckiser (Dettol). The rest of the market is highly fragmented, with companies having strong presence in select segments or regions. In the toilet soap industry, positioning of the product is very important to attract the customers. Review of Literature To have an in depth understanding of Indian consumer, and to analyze the factors influencing his purchase decisions, one has to conduct studies in relation to his environment, his demographic factors, culture, and level of exposure. In this backdrop, some important studies conducted in the areas of consumer behavior and perception in relation to non durable goods and FMCG in India are briefly reviewed. It is seen that positive attitude of consumer towards advertising of a particular brand is very useful in purchasing that brand (Dr Dharam Sukh Dahiya, 1996). Consumers perceived that the information received from WOM sources is reliable and advantageous in making the purchase decisions (Prashant Mishra et al, 1996). At the same time, Indian middle class consumers are willing to pay a premium for better quality products rather than getting satisfied with generic products with inferior quality (Srinivas Shirur, 1999). They tend to define themselves as well as compare with others in terms of symbolic value of their possessions (Shekhar Trivedi et al, 2000). People belonging to different lifestyles have different interests in shopping (D.P.S. Verma et al, 2000). There is a price threshold at which consumers make decisions to stockpile the products for the future (Arindam Banarjee et al, 2001). At the same time, gender of the celebrity significantly influences consumer perception about the product irrespective of consumers’ gender (Prashant Mishra et al, 2001). Similarly, they develop risk reduction strategies to help them act with greater confidence in making product purchase decisions (Debashis Bhattacharya et al, 2002). In the FMCG sector, the major influencing factors in making a purchase decision were quality (D. P. S. Verma et al, 2003), price and availability of products (Dr. Sarwade W. K. 2002), followed by their economic value and attractive packaging (Kuldeep Singh et al, 2003). Rising family income levels permit buyers to exercise more choice in selection of FMCG from the cost perception (Prof. S. A. Telang et al, 2003). However, age and other demographic variables also have their effect on behavioral and cognitive patterns of the consumer (D. P. S. Verma et al, 2003). Urban consumers preferred branded products (P. Antony George, 2007). Brand awareness and brand usage are highly correlated (Dr. A. Vinayaga Moorthy, 2007). Need and Importance of the Study The toilet soaps market is littered over with several, leading national and global brands and a large number of small and local brands. Toilet soaps, despite their divergent brands, are not well differentiated by the consumers. This results in fragmented market and obviously leads to a highly competitive market. In toilet soap market, strong brand equity and a wide distribution network are vital in attracting customers. Brand equities are built over a period of time by technological innovations, consistent high quality, aggressive advertisement and marketing. Availability of the products is another crucial success factor, as products are of small value, frequently purchased daily use items. So, there is always a chance of brand switching due to impulse buying. A deep insight of consumer brand loyalty and satisfaction can help marketers retain the existing customers and entice new ones. In this backdrop, this study is undertaken to examine the consumers’ brand awareness, loyalty, and satisfaction towards toilet soaps. The factors influencing brand selection and brand switching are also assessed. Objectives of the Study The main objective of the paper is to examine the consumers’ buying habits and brand loyalty towards toilet soap products. The following are the specific objectives of the study. * To identify the product attributes that influence the purchasing process * To assess the brand loyalty of consumers with respect to various levels of price increase * To examine the brand switching behavior of respondents * To evaluate the satisfaction level of consumers with regard to their present toilet soap brand * To assess the market share of different toilet soap brands in the market segment taken up for investigation * To offer suggestions to FMCG companies Scope and Limitations of the Study The present study intends to examine the customer satisfaction and perception towards toilet soap and the influence of product attributes on brand preferences and brand loyalty. It also covers customers’ brand loyalty at different levels of price increase/decrease from the present price. The study has the following limitations; * The study is made by taking each attribute as independent of other attributes, hence their interdependence, if any is ignored. * As the study is conducted in only Warangal City of A. P., the findings and suggestions of this empirical study may not be representative of the universe. * There may be a chance of individual’s experience dominating the interpretation of the data. * Some discrepancies may have occurred due to random sample method used. * Respondents may not have given their exact views or hidden some information deliberately. Methodology The study is conducted with the help of primary data collected from 200 respondents; consumers drawn at random in Warangal District (A.P.) The relevant data are collected from the respondents from different demographic and income groups. Appropriate statistical tools such as averages, weighted averages etc. are used in data analysis. For testing the hypotheses, Chi- square test is administered at 5 percent level of significance in order to validate the results of the investigation. Sample Profile Sample profile refers to the demographic characteristics of the respondent consumers covered in the analysis. Demographic factors like age, education, occupation, income, family size have a direct influence on the product/ brand choice. To ascertain the views of both male and female consumers, almost equal numbers of respondents are selected for the study. On the basis of age, the respondents are classified into five categories viz. below 20 years, 21-30 years, 31-40 years, 41-50 years, and above 50 years. Around 39 percent respondents are in the age group of 21-30 years. Another 27 percent are in the age group of 31-40 years. Around 16 percent are in the age group of 41-50 years, followed by above 50 years (13 percent), and below 20 years (5 percent). It is observed that majority of respondents comprising 73 percent are either graduates or post graduates. The remaining 27 percent have below graduation educational background. It is also observed that private employees comprise 38 percent of sample followed by housewives (25 percent), and government employees (18 percent). The remaining are students, businessmen and professionals. It is found that 43 percent respondents are in the middle income group (Rs. 10,001 to 20,000/pm). At the same time, 31 percent belong to low income group (Below Rs. 10,000/ pm). The remaining 26 percent belong to high income category (above Rs. 20,000/pm). It is seen that around 63 percent respondents have 3-4 members in their families. Around 26 percent have more than 4 three members. Another 11 percent have two or less members. It is observed that 62 percent respondents spend below Rs 100/per month on toilet soaps. The remaining 38 percent respondents spend above Rs 100/- per month. This gives occupation wise, income wise, and lifecycle wise distribution of sample consumers of toilet soaps. Data Analysis The behavior of urban respondents towards toilet soaps in terms of influencing factors, buying habits, and brand loyalty is analyzed. For this purpose, a structured questionnaire of five point scale reflecting the attitudes of the sample respondents is used in the investigation. Data collected from the respondents is tabulated, analysed, interpreted and presented in two sections viz. Section A: Buying Habits, Section B: Brand Loyalty. Section–A: Buying Habits Buying habits are analysed in terms of five interrelated variables viz. a. Buying Motives, b. Choice of Retail Store, c. Brand Specification, d. Frequency of Purchase, e. Average Expenditure and consumption. a. Impact of Buying Motives on Purchase Decision Making process Companies advertise their product as a bundle of some attributes. And, customers see the product as a bundle of benefits. They try to assess the benefit of each attribute and assign a level of importance and build perception about the total product. Then, they take the purchase decision. In this backdrop, the study proposes to assess the consumers’ perception on each attribute and importance given to it. In this context, respondents are asked to rank various product attributes in terms of their influence on buying decision. The product attributes such as unique ingredients, impact on skin and complexion, brand name, protection from heat and cold, price, company name, retailer’s advice, advertising, brand ambassador, availability, fragrance, doctor’s advice, TFM of the soap, freshness, protection from pimples etc are identified. The rankings are presented in Table No. 1. It is seen that unique ingredients of a particular soap has been ranked the first major influencing attribute in the purchase process. Impact on skin and complexion and brand name are ranked second and third respectively followed by price and freshness. b. Choice of Retail Store Consumers consider many factors in selecting a particular store to purchase the products. These factors may include availability of a particular brand, availability of information, familiarity and knowledge about the store, proximity of the store, time pressure, store specific promotions, social status etc. By choosing a particular type of store, consumers may get either utilitarian value (obtaining a required product with the least effort) or hedonistic value (the fun and pleasure associated with the buying process). In this context, respondents are asked to name their preferred outlet. Majority of the respondents comprising 40 percent purchased from super bazaars/ organized retail outlets. Another 32 percent bought from wholesale kirana shops. The remaining opted for nearby shops. c. Brand Specification It is observed that Santoor is the most popular brand with 31 percent users, followed by Cinthol with 11 percent users. Approximately 10 percent each are using Mysore Sandal and Pears. Lux is used by 9 percent respondents, while Medimix is used by 7 percent. Dove and Vivel account for 6 percent respondents each. The remaining brands are used by a few respondents. d. Frequency of Purchase Frequency of purchase can be defined as the number of times a consumer purchases during a particular period. It depends on the volume of purchase, economic status, life style, promotion schemes etc. In this study, it is observed that majority of respondents comprising around 45 percent purchase once in a month. Another 33 percent purchase whenever they required the product. Around 15 percent purchased once in a fortnight. The remaining 7 percent purchased weekly once. e. Average Expenditure and Consumption of Toilet Soaps A question was asked with the respondents to know about the average expenditure on toilet soaps and number soaps used in a month. It is observed that 62 percent respondents spend below Rs. 100/- per month on toilet soaps. The remaining 38 percent respondents spend above Rs. 100/- per month. Majority of the respondents have been using around six toilet soaps per month. Section–B: Brand Loyalty Brand loyalty is analysed in terms of seven interrelated variables viz., a. Brand Awareness, b. Brand Image, c. Price Sensitivity, d. Non-availability of Preferred Brand, e. Usage Period of Present Brand, f. Reasons for Brand Switching, g. Brand Performance. a. Brand Awareness Brand knowledge is based on brand awareness and brand image. Brand awareness is defined as Consumers’ recognition of existence and availability of a brand. A consumer’s brand awareness generally depends on his socio-economic background especially on education and income level. Creating brand awareness is an important tool in promoting brands with little differentiation such as toilet soaps. It can play a major role in purchasing decisions. The products with highest brand awareness will usually get more sales. In the urban market segment, it is interesting to note that, higher the level of education level, greater is the brand awareness. About 73 percent of respondent consumers are above graduation. Within this 73 percent, around 32 percent are from professional courses. These 73 percent respondents are aware of more than 7 brands. Majority of them could recall the brand ambassador and punch line of the brands also. The remaining 27 percent of the respondent consumers are with below graduation level of education. Out of which, around 8 percent of the respondent consumers are below the tenth class. These 27 percent of respondent consumers are aware of only 3-5 brands. Majority of them, either they could not recall or are indifferent of brand ambassador and punch line. b. Brand Image Brand image is defined as consumer’s perception of a brand as reflected by the brand associations held in his memory. The strength, favorability and uniqueness of associations help build a superior brand image. A favorable brand image is useful in creating strong brand equity. In this regard, a question was asked with respondents to compare their present brand with other competing brands. Majority of the respondents comprising 64 percent felt that their brand as the best one. Around 25 percent said it gives good value for money. The remaining 11 percent felt it as almost similar with other brands. At the same time, most of the respondents perceived their preferred brand as the market leader in its category. c. Price Sensitivity Price of a product has been a major determinant of a buyer’s choice. Although non price factors have assumed importance of late, price still remains a dominant factor influencing sales of a product. Fluctuation of prices will have an impact on continuity of the same brand, i.e. brand loyalty. In this context, it is proposed to analyse the impact of price changes on brand loyalty income wise. The respondents’ reactions to 10 percent, 20 percent, and 40 percent increase in the price of present soap brand are categorized according to their income levels viz. Low Income, Middle Income and High Income. It is seen that at 10 percent price increase, majority of the respondents across all income levels opted for continuing with the same level of consumption. From among the remaining respondents, many decided to reduce consumption. A few respondents wanted to shift to other brands. Similarly, at 20 percent price increase, 35 percent (Low Income), 35 percent (Middle Income), and 67 percent (High Income) respondents opted for continuing with the same level of consumption. Around 34 percent respondents from low income category chose to reduce their consumption. The corresponding figures for middle income and high income groups are 23 percent and 13 percent respectively. Another 13 percent (Low Income), 30 percent (Middle Income), 10 percent (High Income) respondents decided to shift to other brands, while the remaining preferred to search for other alternatives. At the same time, at 40 percent price increase, 10 percent (Low Income), 23 percent (Middle Income), and 54 percent (High Income) respondents chose to continue with the same level of consumption. Another 1 6 percent (Low Income), 7 percent (Middle Income) and 15 percent (High Income) wanted to reduce their consumption. Further, around 55 percent (Low Income), 51 percent (Middle Income), and 19 percent (High Income) respondents desired to change their brands. The remaining respondents wanted to search for other alternatives. Further, based on the same data, Chi-square test is conducted to identify differences, if any, among the respondents belonging to different income groups in terms of price sensitivity and brand loyalty at various levels of increase in the price of present soap brand. Calculated values are presented in Table II. It is observed from the above table that at 10 percent price increase, the calculated value of chi-square is less than the table value. Hence, it can be concluded that there are no significant differences among the respondents belonging to different income groups at 10 percent price increase of the present toilet soap brand. But, when the price is increased to 20 percent or 40 percent above the current price, respondents belonging to different income groups exhibited altogether different behavior. d. Non-availability of Preferred Brand Store loyalty is regarded as the patronage of customers to a particular outlet.. It is based on the consumers’ positive attitude towards the store. Store loyalty is influenced by the availability of products and brands at the store and the process involved in customers acquiring them. Brand loyalty is also a major factor in shaping the customers opinions towards a particular store. When a preferred brand is not available in a particular store, consumers will have two options; purchasing the same brand in another shop i.e. displaying more brand loyalty than store loyalty, or purchasing another brand in the same shop i.e. exhibiting more store loyalty. In the present study it is seen that 78 percent respondents preferred to purchase the same brand from another shop. The remaining 22 percent purchased other brands available in the same shop. e. Usage Period of Present Brand Brand loyalty also results in using the same brand regularly over a period of time. It is seen that 51 percent respondents have been using the same brand for above 4 years followed by 21 percent for below 1 year. Around 17 percent have been using it for 1-2 years, and the remaining 11 percent for 2-4 years. f. Reasons for Brand Switching Consumers’ satisfaction and brand loyalty can be measured by buyer’s repeat purchase rate over the time. However, sometimes consumers change their regular brands and patronize new brands due to various reasons. In this context, it is proposed to investigate the effect of product attributes, promotion schemes, reference groups’ influence, impact of pricing and advertising on the switching intentions of consumers. For this purpose, respondents are asked to identify the most important reason that for brand switching from earlier brand to present one. It is observed that 54 percent respondents cited better quality of new brand as a major reason for brand switching. Another 13 percent wanted to check the new brand. The relative cheaper price of new brand enticed 10 percent to use the new brand. g. Brand Performance Customer satisfaction is a positive psychological tendency which the customer gets when he is able to meet the perceived need and expectation with the product he experiences. It is a part of customer’s experience. This satisfaction is related to various aspects such as cost, quality, performance and efficiency of the product. Even if the products are identical in competing markets, satisfaction provides high retention rates. Higher the satisfaction level, higher is the sentimental attachment of customers with the specific brand of product. In this backdrop, the study intends to measure the satisfaction level of consumers towards their present soap brands. For this purpose, Respondent consumers are asked to rate the performance of their present brand of toilet soap along some parameters such as price, packaging, durability, color, fragrance, freshness, quality, convenience of usage etc. The responses are classified into three categories namely excellent, above average, and average. It is observed that, respondents are fully satisfied with only premium soaps namely Dove and Pears as they are rated above average or excellent. Cinthol, Mysore Sandal and Superia came next with majority of users rating them excellent or above average, while the remaining rating them average. The remaining brands are rated just average by the respondents. Findings The following are the findings that have emerged from the study. * While making a brand choice decision, respondents gave more importance to unique ingredients of a soap followed by impact on skin and price. * Majority of the respondents purchased toilet soaps from super bazaars/ organized retail outlets followed by wholesale kirana shops. * Santoor is the most preferred brand used by both men and women which comes in the popular category. Cinthol, Mysore Sandal and Pears are the next preferred brands. * It is concluded that that majority of respondents purchased on monthly basis. Another 33 percent purchased when they required the product. * Many respondents are spending Rs 51- 100/- per month on toilet soaps, while a few are spending more. * More than half of the respondents only knew 5-10 brands of toilet soaps. From the remaining ones, approximately equal number of respondents knew less than five and more than ten brands. The education level of the consumers has a positive bearing on the brand awareness. * Most of the consumers have a very positive image and perception about their present brand. They felt that it is the best one and market leader in its category. * In response to a 10 percent price increase of current soap brand, all the respondents across different income groups behaved similarly. Most of them are willing to continue with same level of consumption. The respondents are not bothered with a marginal increase in the price as long as it satisfies their needs. But, when the price is increased to 20 percent or 40 percent above the current price, substantial differences are seen in the behavior of respondents belonging to different areas income groups. The high income group wanted to continue with same level of consumption. The low and middle income groups chose to either reduce consumption or to change the brand. * It is observed that most of the respondents preferred to purchase the same brand from another shop, when it is not available in a particular store. This shows a strong brand loyalty among the respondents. * Most of the respondents have been using the same brand for a longer period of time (more than 5 years) which shows a strong brand loyalty among them. * The reasons cited by respondents for brand switching are mainly better quality and cheaper price of new brand and inferior performance of old brand. Surprisingly, very few respondents are attracted by advertisements of new brands. * Respondents are just satisfied with their present soap as majority of them rated it only average or above average. A few rated it excellent. Conclusion Significant differences were observed among different income groups, especially, when the price of the present brand increases substantially. This can be attributed to the different lifestyles adopted by different income groups. Surprisingly respondents gave least importance to advertisements of toilet soaps. Quality and price of new brands motivated them to brand switching. This has to be carefully studied by the marketers. Another area of concern is that many rated their present soaps as just satisfying although they have been using the same brand for a longer period. In this perspective, FMCG companies need to reformulate their strategies to delight the customers. At the same time, as most of the respondents have been using the same brand for a longer period of time, new entrants have to devise suitable plans to attract the customers of existing brands. Deeper penetration in urban areas also holds the key to unlocking growth potentials especially in the Premium Segment. Thus, product innovation, smart merchandising and distribution will be of key importance for FMCG products to become leaders in the industry. 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